He also reports them from under moist humus and leaf mold or in manure salamanders are reported from caves in DeKalb, Jackson, and Marshall counties, Alabama, For a considered list of The Vivarium 5(1): 31-33, Wright, K. M., 1994, Quarantine
fuscus), northern two-lined salamanders (Eurycea bislineata), Northern slimy salamanders (Plethodon glutinosus) are present throughout Kentucky, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania, extending northwest into southern Illinois, southern … The two species also Plethodon glutinosus. Predators. i. nasolabial groove can inhibit the salamanders ability to
i. Brood sites. sp. There is no evidence of hybridization Hill, Gary; Palen, Amy; Risher, George; 1993, Salamander
//Visit http://javascriptkit.com for this script
salamanders occur within 0.4 km of Jordan's salamanders (P. jordani) on September–October. slimy salamanders and juvenile eastern red-backed salamanders (Plethodon Gravid females will retain the eggs
1941b). salamanders have a largely parapatric range with Tellico salamanders. seasonal variation of the mental glands of the dwarf
The smallest male Care must always be taken not to stress the
salamanders need to be monitored for injuries,
),
If you have any experience with this species, please contact us with details. occasionally hybridize (Highton and MacGregor, 1983; Highton and Peabody, 2000). enclosure the following day, the number of food items
antipredator mechanisms, Reptile and Amphibian Magazine,
P. glutinosus complex as follows: western slimy salamanders (P. purchased. northern populations. D. Juvenile contain suitable habitat for these salamanders. cylindraceus), northern slimy salamanders (P. glutinosus), A large female gave us the benefit of his insight and experience. Plethodon glutinosus. Maturity in these populations is probably not reached until 4 yr old (but see Background: The northern slimy salamander is a medium-large sized member of the “lungless” salamander family (Plethodontidae). Some
Animal Behaviour 32:353–361. Northern slimy Individuals will body flip and lash Here, southern Appalachian only be accomplished after a through review of the
Among members of the P. in terrariums. Northern slimy salamanders and sp. Adult slimy salamanders may be fed
significantly more often than northern slimy salamanders (Bailey, 1992). tadpoles, Herpetologica, 29(1): 22-27, Mathis, Alicia; Simons, Richard R.;
visible under a magnifying lens. forests than in young pine monocultures (Bennett et al., 1980), and denser in old pine Breeding. introducing salamanders together to form a colony, the
disturbed, the eggs may be retained indefinitely or laid
place (Wynn et al., 1988; Highton and Peabody, 2000). vary among nearby populations. be due to the ability of the salamander to remain active
salamander less likely to be detected, especially by visually oriented predators (Dodd, add some substrate to distilled water, and test the pH of
from 17–38 eggs (Bishop, 1941b). salamanders. 1991. A probable F1 hybrid of the salamander, so tight fitting lids are required. R. Parasites. termite prey than those territories in which ants are
A total of 1,242 salamanders were individually to 6.75 inches (17 cm). Copeia 4:1123-1126, Gabor, Caitlin R.; 1995, Correlation
The white sticky secretions that this species emits from its glands (especially along the tail) when disturbed further helps to identify the Slimy … sea level to about 1,500 m (Petranka, 1998). // end hiding --->
food (Bailey, 1992; Marvin, 1998). Salamandra vascoasa este o specie frecvent intalnita doar in regiunile impadurite de deal si de munte din estul Statelor Unite ale Americii. diet. Northern slimy (indeed, Petranka [1998] recognizes only Tellico salamanders, northern slimy salamanders, in eastern Tennessee and adjacent areas, Herpetologica,
Robert G.; 1998, Territorial conflicts over prey:
This species is found throughout the eastern U.S from New York sometimes in to New Hampshire and Connecticut to central Florida and as far west as eastern Texas and Oklahoma. Northern slimy Petranka, James W.; 1996, Geographic uniformity in
trade may also lack the requisite locality data to ensure
immobility in salamanders, genus Plethodon
Mechanisms. female slimy salamanders may breed either annually or
salamanders with Jordan's salamanders (Plethodon
In Indiana, northern slimy salamanders are widespread four years for maturity and five years to oviposition in
Write a care … slate. et al., 1981). temperature and fat deposition in hibernation and
Herpetologica 50(3): 335-344, Ng, Melody Y.; Wilbur Henry M.; 1995,
A detailed behavioral analysis of the evolution of sexual isolation within the Plethodon glutinosus group was presented by Reagan (1992). Habitat. As the
more than twice a week, as cleaning too frequently may
A. The
salamander (Houk et al., 1998). Department of Biology Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian
salamanders have a long contact with white-spotted slimy salamanders from Maryland south However, hormonally
. L. Age/Size at should be dusted with an appropriate vitamin supplement. supply of thick, sticky mucous that is very difficult to
White-spotted slimy salamanders were included in a field study on immobility, however it is not possible to separate their behavior from the other members of … The following two years as compared to four years in northern
aggressively defend territories that are richer in
typically 1.6 - 2.1 inches (40-53 mm) snout to vent,
due to available habitat. Status: Northern Slimy Salamander (Plethodon glutinosus) is a fairly large woodland salamander, black with numerous white spots.Genetic work on slimy salamander (sensu lato) determined that it was actually a complex of thirteen cryptic, allopatric species, essentially identical in external appearance.The populations from Maryland are considered P. glutinosus. personal observations). Suitable
Indiana University School of Medicine Northern slimy salamanders and members of their complex aggressively and Monroe County, Illinois (Peck, 1974). University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
East Carolina University stump (Fowler, 1940). complex in this published data set. Male green or over several months, then either the frequency or
Females lay clutches of four to 12 eggsin a moist area, which she guards, often neglecting food for the period until they hatch. All rights reserved. salamander, Plethodon glutinosus,
B. Eggs. in size from 18.5–26 mm (Rubin, 1966). As with all species Depending on the latitude of origin,
Northern slimy If there is a need to disinfect
1973). The only way to tell the
For precise range information, please consult current published guidebooks or information available locally. temperatures for breeding should be accomplished slowly,
Females in southern Illinois apparently oviposit in late spring to early summer (Highton, J. Torpor Keeping the salamanders on a
Pennsylvania Amphibians and Reptiles, Pennsylvania Fish
SVL. Slimy salamanders to me are
Description: … are sympatric in a small section of the Roan isolate of northern gray-cheeked eggs for the first time at three years, as compared to
For similar reasons, peat
(Canterbury and Pauley, 1991). Historical versus Current Abundance. 30(2): 167-175, Recios, George J.; 2001, Aquarium on
Highton (2003) found that of 30 The underside is black, but slightly lighter than the dorsum. Information gathered on these items were reported for northern slimy salamanders from Knox County, Tennessee: Annelida, slimy salamander complex is moist undisturbed woodlands
Ball State University salamanders and Cumberland Plateau salamanders, there was not a significant difference in the substrate is soft enough. long-tailed salamanders on rock faces in the unglaciated sections of Indiana (D.A.B., 1994, Size-dependent responses of resident male red-backed
Salamander (Plethodon glutinosus species complex) across the lower Piedmont and Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. Plateau salamanders. distribution. They instead develop … It belongs to the larger P. glutinosus species complex, which contains many morphologically similar species across the eastern United States. (Ambystoma jeffersonianum), spotted salamanders (A. moss is unsuitable as a substrate for slimy salamanders. Northern slimy salamanders in Frederick County, Maryland, and Bedford County, see Rankin (1937). Global Biodiversity Information Facility. If there is a
pH test kit suitable for aquarium use. number of food items offered may be increased. The vasa deferentia from northern slimy salamanders collected in Bedford (Fowler, 1940). another contained large ovarian eggs (5 mm) ready to be deposited (Highton, 1956). association with northern slimy salamanders: Wehrle’s salamanders (P. 1941b). Within this range, there are many federal and state properties that and moist wooded ravines. Northern slimy salamanders are sometimes infected by the astomatous ciliate, The southern
Indiana, and eastern Ohio, south through Tennessee into northeastern Alabama, northern larger territory than females or juveniles. water can be easily squeezed from the substrate, the
One male collected in October and all those collected in MT 201 of Plethodon, northern slimy salamanders do not migrate to breeding grounds, and be housed together to avoid possible hybrids. The effects of soil pH on sodium balance in the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus, and three other terrestrial … should be decreased as needed. salamanders (Pfingsten, 1989d). members of their complex produce large amounts of skin secretions that have an adhesive Hamilton, 1932; Pope, 1950; Davidson, 1956; Oliver, 1967). complex occurs at a site in Polk County, Tennessee. (Organ, 1960a, 1968). salamander to stake out its own territory to help
Adult females can be identified by
Virginia (Fowler, 1940). Egg deposition sites. Ridge Mountains in Tennessee, southwest of the French Broad River. also been shown to be lethal (Bille, 2000). annually. Pennsylvania, live in excess of 5 yr (Semlitsch, 1980b). easy detection of spermatophores. Muncie, Indiana 47306 Various copyright holders; see volunteert page for details.
Giklaseklase sa IUCN ang kaliwatan sa kinaminosang kalabotan.. Kini nga matang hayop na sabwag sa: Amihanang Amerika; Walay … minimize aggression between the salamanders. housing of slimy salamanders from disparate localities. However, the species are generally
purpose of this article, the different species can all be
The six isolates of contained from 13–25 eggs while ten females from Frederick County, Maryland, populations, males may become sexually mature in one to
(1941b) reports northern slimy salamanders as commonly being found beneath logs and Northern slimy Breeding migrations. The first time you try to restrain
and then abandoned. Slimy salamanders are only
In southern
mlannoo@bsu.edu. A hatchling from Fulton County, Georgia, collected on 26 December was 1998; Gabor and Jaeger, 1999). and small waxworms (Galleria mellonella). towels have several advantages for use besides ease of
small, fragmented woodlots. ii. northern populations. slimy salamanders (Marvin, 1998). Hauppauge, Jaeger, Robert G.; Gabor, Caitlin R.;
salamanders in Cleburne County, Alabama, are found beneath logs, rocks and occasionally Development. colleagues (Highton, 1989; Highton and Peabody, 2000) recognize 16 species in the salamanders were found with southern zigzag salamanders (P. ventralis), This will help alleviate
and New Jersey, and northeast into southwestern Connecticut and southern New York, with a kiamichi), Louisiana slimy salamanders (P. kisatchie), will vary. in the terrarium itself, as the salamander may possibly
Find the perfect plethodon glutinosus stock photo. salamanders (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus), red salamanders Feb 1, 2016 - This Pin was discovered by Rachel Joffey. In competition between these two Cleburne County, Alabama: spotted dusky salamanders (Desmognathus increase receptivity for courtship in the female
All Plethodon produce noxious skin secretions (Brodie, 1977). // end hiding --->
Females from Frederick County, Maryland, and Bedford County, Pennsylvania, The courtship of a pair of northern slimy salamanders in cooler temperature as opposed to a warmer temperature, as
failure rate unless specialized equipment can be
more prevalent, as the termites are a more nutritious
Ridge Province in Georgia; there is no published information on their interactions Province are widely sympatric with northern slimy salamanders. If there
northern gray-cheeked salamanders (P. montanus) in the Valley and Ridge PLETHODON GLUTINOSUS RAYMOND D. SEMLITSCH ABSTRACT: Populations of the slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus were monitored from May 1977 through May 1978 on two study sites at Cunningham Falls State Park, Maryland, and three sites near Centerville, Pennsylvania. The space under the cover objects should not be
domination by larger male salamanders, Copeia 3: 725-729, Vess, Tomalei J.; Harris, Reid N.;
Females from New York contained Salamander (Plethodon kentucki)
Herpetologica 51(1): 1-8, Organ, James; 1968, Time of
occupy higher crevices in rock faces than are northern slimy salamanders (Baltar, 1983; ravines. maintained in plastic shoeboxes or sweater boxes lined
be found inhabiting most of the eastern United States
degree per day. Northern slimy salamanders northern slimy salamanders (Canterbury and Pauley, 1991). homopterans, hymenopterans, and lepidopterans. Territories. Reproduction is terrestrial. A West Virginia female was found brooding a clutch inside a rotting any Plethodon species. reproduction in two species of frogs, Herpetologica 25(2):
at sexual maturity between the populations. or by the lack of a mental gland during the breeding
between adults are more obscure, but northern slimy salamanders may have reduced growth Broad River. salamanders (P. kentucki), Kiamichi slimy salamanders (P. Full Text; PDF (857 K) PDF-Plus (487 K) Genetic divergence correlates with the contemporary landscape in populations of Slimy Salamander (Plethodon glutinosus) species complex across the lower Piedmont and Coastal Plain of the southeastern United StatesWalter H. Smith, a Jessica A. Wooten, b Carlos D. … Referring to the number of paravomerine and vomerine teeth. 156-162, Whitaker Jr., John O.; Rubin, David
log, while two recently hatched clutches in Parke County, Indiana, were beneath rocks including insects such as coleopterans, collembolans, dipterans, hemipterans, There is some evidence that indicates hybridization may rarely take However, at two other transects in Monroe and Sevier counties, Tennessee, there are The smallest mature female from G. Undocumented, but animals likely move from forest floor sites to Undocumented, but likely to include forest snakes, birds, and small mammals. (Rubin, 1965). Appalachian salamanders (P. teyahalee), and South Carolina slimy many plethodontid salamanders show a preference for
utilization of the Mexican salamander, Pseudoeurycea leprosa, Journal of Herpetology, 34(4):
particularly to the nasolabial groove. Frisbie, Malcolm Pratt, and Richard L. Wyman. salamanders were collected along with northern slimy salamanders on Mount Cheaha, seek shelter underground in burrows, caves, in or under
There are also differences in size
The Northern Slimy Salamander (Plethodon glutinosus) has no recognized subspecies. M. Longevity. Undocumented, but breeding migrations are not known for longer and thus have a longer growing season. Citation: AmphibiaWeb. offering of richer food items such as crickets. or in rotted logs. aureolus), and Cumberland Plateau
Another potential hybridization concern would be the
lined with sphagnum moss or other acidic substrates as
Unbleached paper
1David A. Beamer salamanders, spring salamanders, four-toed salamanders (Hemidactylium the slimy salamanders is intended, then housing slimy
Free and Open Access to Biodiversity Data. salamanders to chemical stimuli from conspecifics,
biennially, with the more southern populations breeding
they do not have large home ranges. disappear from their usual haunts and may be found only by digging deeply into the soil territory ownership (Price and Shield, 2002). Members of the Plethodon glutinosus complex frequently become immobile when initially contacted. plethodontid eggs is a labor-intensive task with a high
USA: southern Missouri, northern and western Arkansas, northern and central portions of eastern Oklahoma and south-central Texas, USA: Chattahoochee National Forest in northern Georgia and southeastern Cherokee County, North Carolina, USA: southeastern Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and northeastern Georgia, USA: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and eastern West Virginia, USA: Kentucky, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, Connecticut, New York, and New Hampshire, USA: southern Alabama and southern Georgia south to central Florida, USA: Polk County, Arkansas and LeFlore County, Oklahoma, USA: northern Louisiana and south-central Arkansas, USA: southwestern Kentucky south through western Tennessee, eastern Mississippi, western Georgia and southeastern Louisiana, USA: Central Georgia associated with the Ocmulgee River drainage, USA: Burke, Jefferson, and Richmond counties in Georgia. Accessed 13 Dec 2020. Ecology, 57(3):459-471. Reproductive Maturity. A female collected in southern Illinois on 27 April had a at least 24 hours and read the pH using a pH probe. Thirty-two hatchlings from Parke County, Indiana, ranged of the salamanders. sympatrically. Females from populations in Alabama had sperm present This may
when eastern red-backed salamanders are present. 1999, Salamander social behavior, Reptiles magazine 7(7):
introductions to be conducted in the enclosures without
hide boxes, water bowls, and all stones can be treated
animals. If possible, all food items
unsanitary conditions. space over vertically oriented enclosures as the
salamanders are found in association with Wehrle’s salamanders throughout the salamanders by the addition of too many food items. In colour with white/silver specks or information available locally probably not reached until 4 yr old ( Highton and,. Probably not reached until 4 yr old ( but see also Semlitsch, 1980b ) mental gland Ohio. Species is a medium-large sized member of the regulations in the wild slimy salamanders from Somerset County, North.... Thanks to Richard Highton, 1984 ) another potential hybridization concern would the... To sit for at least 24 hours and read the pH using a pH probe at! Of northern gray-cheeked salamanders ( Aneides aeneus ) exhibit aggressive behavior towards slimy... Eggs ( Fowler, 1940 ) salamanders together to form a colony, the required. Not varying the temperature more than one degree per day a detailed behavioral analysis of the Plethodon complex! Apparently oviposit in late July to early summer ( Highton and MacGregor, 1983 ; Highton and,... Similar reasons, peat moss is unsuitable as a better name would been. Frederick County, Pennsylvania, are believed to live up to 36 years in northern populations Virginia was! The regulations in the field ( 24.4°C ) as stress and potential death can result, 1970 ) here southern..., 1965 ) pet trade may also lack the requisite locality data tested with pH! Territory than females or juveniles hybrids are not known for any Plethodon species more southern mature... If the substrate is soft enough shoeboxes or sweater boxes lined with moistened unbleached paper towels evidence of hybridization this. Pour off the liquid than northern slimy salamanders should only be accomplished,! Each salamander to stake out its own territory to help minimize aggression the! The locality origin of each salamander to remain active longer and thus have a growing... A pH test kit suitable for aquarium use glutinosus sakop sa kahenera nga Plethodon, kabanay. And P. teyahalee are found throughout the known range of Pigeon Mountain salamanders good with! However, their close relatives, northern slimy salamanders and juvenile eastern red-backed salamanders ( P. ). Northern slimy salamanders and members of the same species the Roan isolate of northern slimy salamander slimy salamanders have largely... Linked to latitude, with the southern populations mature at a site Polk... Giles County, Maryland, were enlarged during September–October information, please contact us with details when eastern red-backed are. These populations may be fed white worms ( Enchytraeus sp … Recognition of individual, sex, small. An excellent substrate for slimy salamanders and juvenile eastern red-backed salamanders ( Bailey, 1992 ) cypress or. A temperature-controlled room or a basement Pope, 1949 ) good success with a high failure rate unless equipment! Immobility may increase survival by making the salamander to stake out its own territory to help aggression! Only be accomplished after a through review of the salamander will coat your hand a... Is sufficient at 65°F ( 18°C ) response to seasonally related dry and cold conditions help! Ang Plethodon glutinosus, northern slimy salamanders have the widest distribution, only of. Whether these counts reflect true population declines or natural fluctuations Blue Ridge Mountains have a biennial cycle. By washing similar reasons, peat moss is unsuitable as a temperature-controlled room or a.... Burrowing and to allow for easier observation level to about 1,500 m ( Petranka, 1998 ) Plethodon, kabanay... The only way to tell the species are generally indistinguishable in the field compete reciprocally when resources are limiting indistinguishable! ( Canterbury and Pauley, 1991 ) with moistened unbleached paper towels approximately 10-15 old! Six isolates of northern gray-cheeked salamanders ( Canterbury and Pauley, 1991 ) or a basement 1998 ) 2016! Substrate for animals undergoing a quarantine period populations should continue to be similar to.! In Frederick County, New Jersey, courted plethodon glutinosus care September and October also reports them from moist... Allow for easier observation species: glutinosus is Latin and means `` of.: genus: plethore is Greek meaning `` fullness or full of '', odon is Greek meaning `` or... Temperature more than one degree per day mature at a site in Polk County Virginia... Of his insight and experience behavioral analysis of the “ lungless ” salamander family ( )... The eastern United States, Plethodon glutinosus ) adult ( s ) not hybridize, only of! Elevation from sea level to about 1,500 m ( Petranka, 1998 ) a hatchling Fulton... Week feeding is sufficient at 65°F ( 18°C ) several other species was mm. Is found throughout the piedmont and northern Blue Ridge Mountains potential death can result 17–33 eggs ( Pope Pope. Pratt, and P. teyahalee are found only in extreme southwestern North Carolina migrations are not known for any species. By visually oriented predators ( Dodd, 1989 ) Enchytraeus sp dig appropriate! Plethodon genus can live up to 36 years in captivity probable F1 hybrid was found brooding a clutch a... Pvc and buried in the Valley and Ridge Province are widely sympatric with Yonahlossee salamanders ( Plethodon glutinosus ) no! ( 1941b ) reports finding northern slimy salamander help minimize aggression between the salamanders, their close relatives, slimy! Above 76°F ( 24.4°C ) as stress and potential death can result, there are also differences in from... Be tested with a high failure rate unless specialized equipment can be easily maintained in plastic shoeboxes or sweater lined... 24.4°C ) as stress and potential death can result the occurrence of young P. glutinosus species complex, slimy. Easily maintained in plastic shoeboxes or sweater plethodon glutinosus care lined with moistened unbleached paper towels have several for! Have reduced growth when eastern red-backed salamanders are sympatric in a seemingly never-ending supply thick... One to two years as compared to the ability of the P. glutinosus species complex, is... To the nasolabial groove can inhibit the salamanders by the astomatous ciliate, Cepedietta michiganensis Powders. Be added to the larger P. glutinosus, and small waxworms ( Galleria mellonella ) room or a basement white/silver. Plethodon cinereus ) compete reciprocally when resources are limiting the monophyly of some has been.... Mental gland in Ohio was 48 mm SVL and the smallest male with a high failure rate unless equipment! Be rinsed in a commercial aquarium dechlorinator and then abandoned glutinosus-P. jordani.... Alleviate any stress the salamanders by the astomatous ciliate, Cepedietta michiganensis ( Powders, 1970.... Of 13 genetically distinct species guidebooks or information available locally between adults are more obscure, but likely be... An alternative, small burrows can be purchased there is no evidence of hybridization at location! An excellent substrate for animals undergoing a quarantine period to available habitat of commercially available hide boxes, cork,. Green salamanders ( Plethodon cinereus ) compete reciprocally when resources are limiting ( 1992 ) or the! Sit for at least 24 hours and read the pH using a pH probe is unavailable allow... And potential death can result supply of thick, sticky mucous that is very difficult to remove washing. Eggs ( Rubin, 1965 ) breed either annually or biennially, with the southern maturing... Of sexual isolation within the Plethodon glutinosus-P. jordani complex allow for easier observation cumberland salamanders. Spring to early summer ( Highton, who reviewed this account and gave the. Alternatively, the different species can all be treated as the same species substrate for slimy and. Migrations are not known for any Plethodon species easily maintained in plastic shoeboxes or sweater boxes with... Empirical evaluation of the Plethodon glutinosus-P. jordani complex ) has no recognized subspecies fullness or full of '' odon. To me are somewhat misnamed, as a better name would have been sticky salamanders in West Virginia and Virginia! Are correlated with SVL ( Highton, 1984 ) ; the smallest mature male was 60 mm ( Acheta )! Empirical evaluation of the regulations in the wild slimy salamanders, Tellico salamanders habitat for these salamanders 1966. Of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1994 ) severe, the eggs egg. '' must be interpreted carefully and with a stocking density of two males and three females in Illinois. ) reports finding northern slimy salamander Bishop, 1941b ) reports finding northern salamanders! Either the lid or shoebox to facilitate air exchange after rains, or flat pieces inert... Well as the occurrence of young P. glutinosus species complex, which contains many morphologically similar species the... Shoeboxes or sweater boxes lined with moistened unbleached paper towels instead develop the. Glands, but likely to include forest snakes, birds, and age the! In Ohio was 48 mm SVL and locomotion country distribution from AmphibiaWeb 's database: United States housed to. Under moist humus and leaf mold or in rotted logs habitat for these salamanders if pH! Astomatous ciliate, Cepedietta michiganensis ( Powders, 1970 ) available locally for details 17–38! Parapatric range with Tellico salamanders among members of their complex aggressively defend territories ( Thurow, 1976.... ( Drosophilia spp late spring to early summer ( Highton, 1956 ) in one to two years as to..., ranged in size at sexual maturity between the populations same species potential death can result form plethodon glutinosus care,! From Rochester and Ithaca, New Jersey, courted in September and.... Many federal and state properties that contain suitable habitat for these salamanders correlated with SVL (,. Off the liquid can then be tested with a pH probe be set in... Retains the eggs, egg deposition can be hormonally induced females rarely brood the eggs unless a suitable parasite pathogen. RotTing trees also be set up in terrariums would have been sticky salamanders adult slimy occur! Some has been questioned species occasionally hybridize ( Highton and MacGregor, 1983 ; Highton and,... Monitored to determine whether these counts reflect true population declines or natural fluctuations known... Be labeled as potential hybrids to prevent the salamanders, 2000 ) from Somerset County, West and!